Thursday 18 November 2010

Ton Begemann’s strange Paleo-Eskimo Artic-agriculture claim

Ton Begemann Arctic Inuit Eskimo agriculture farm
Eskimo Tent Ring
Last year I read a claim from Dutch professor Ton Begemann in which he said in the past there used to be agriculture just 1000 km (600 miles) away from the North Pole, close to “Tranquilly Fjord” (actually the place is called Tanquary Fiord).
He says in August 2008 he visited two archaeological sites where Canadian Park Services have been doing research, and according to Begemann the Canadians told him :
  • Paleo-Eskimo groups of the Independence I culture lived in the area 1500 to 4000 years ago.
  • 1500 years ago, they survived from hunting (both on land and ice)
  • But 4000 years ago they did not just hunt, but also practiced agriculture.
  • The Paleo-Eskimo left remains of stone structures in which plant material was found, and from this the Canadians deducted the people practiced agriculture.
Begemann says the agriculture proofs there’s huge natural variation in Arctic temperatures without CO2 playing a role in it. (A bit of a fallacy itself, but let’s focus on the agriculture) 
I found his Artic-farming claim too absurd to give it much attention and assumed he must have misunderstood something when the rangers talked about the sites. But as Ton Begemann keeps insisting the Paleo-Eskimo were practicing agriculture and growing crops, maybe it’s useful to have a closer look at the case.
There are several reasons I found this story hard to believe :
Cultural Reasons : As far as I know, agriculture never was very widespread amongst indigenous people in Northern America, and certainly not in the High North. It would be strange they developed it ‘de novo’ in such a hard climate.
Climatological : The location Begemann visited is situated on Canada’s northernmost island : Ellesmere Island. The Tanquary Fiord sites he visited are located in Quttinirpaaq national park. The closest weather station near Tanquary Fjord is located in Eureka and both are roughly located on the same latitude. The shores of the Fiord are free from snow and ice in summer and there is some plant life in this short season. Nevertheless, this place is as polar as you can get. In the present era there are only three months in summer in Eureka with an average temperature above 0° C. The website of  Quttinirpaaq park gives a brief overview of al the challenges a vegetation faces in such an artic area.
4000 years ago the peak of the Holocene Climate Optimum was running to an end and temperatures were in the same range (maybe a little higher) than today. But even if we assume the average temperatures were slightly higher, summer was short and still very cold and therefore limiting growth speed. So even with slightly higher temperatures this certainly wasn’t a suited location for growing crops. When asked which crops the Paleo-Eskimo supposedly cultivated, Ton Begemann called that question irrelevant.
In fact, many people questioned Begemann about his strange Artic-agriculture claim and if he’s really sure he’s right. All he answers is : “i don’t know why i have never read about Arctic farming except in my own writings. But if you don’t believe me, ask the Canadian Park Services”. So that’s what I did.
The reply from Canada didn’t surprise me :
  • The people of the Independence I culture raised stone rings around their skin tents.
  • They were hunters, mainly for terrestrial mammals like musk-oxen and caribou (and any other occasional prey they could catch).
  • They never practiced agriculture
  • More generally : Arctic people never practiced agriculture.
  • They burned heather and dwarf-willow (and maybe other things) for fuel
I didn’t really ask the park services what the recovered plant residue was used for, but i guess there could be a a variety of reasons : maybe it was some remains from the fires they made, maybe they used some edible plants to spice up their diet, maybe they used it as a kind of matrass. Whatever. They did not practice agriculture. Probably the park rangers did say something about harvesting (non-cultivated) plants and Begemann misinterpreted this as a sign growing crops.  

4 comments:

  1. Obviously Begemann's find shows someone practiced agriculture.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Is the claim still stored somewhere? The link is dead.
    "Last year I read a claim ...."

    ReplyDelete
  3. The claim can still be read using webarchive.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090925010924/http://weblogs.nos.nl/klimaat/2009/09/21/van-groenland-naar-nederland/#comment-96


    Prof. Ton Begemann zegt: 21-09-09 om 21:21
    Het is triest om te zien dat in het nieuws om 20.00uur niet de nuanceringen genoemd worden ( bijv. de Deense glacioloog die gemeten heeft dat 130.000 jaar geleden het toen 5 graden warmer was ) die duidelijk maken dat het CO2 verhaal er niets mee te maken heeft. Ik stond vorig jaar zomer ook op de Groenlandse ijskap op 77 graden NB , bij Thule ( waarschijnlijk veel noordelijker als de NOS verslaggever want wij vlogen vanaf een Russische IJsbreker ) en daar was niets van smelten te zien.
    De nederlandse onderzoekers slaan een staaf van naar schatting 10 m in een ijslaag van 3 km en ” meten ” dan z.g. een verlies van 3 meter ijs in 1 jaar , zegt helemaal niets als je iets afweet van de dynamiek van ijs.
    Trouwens ten westen van Thule op het Canadese Ellesmere Island heb ik in Tranquily Fjord een archeologische site bezocht van pre-Inuits die daar 4000 jaar geleden leefden en naast jacht aan landbouw deden !!!Vlakbij was ook een site van 1500 jaar oud en toen was er geen landbouw mogelijk, alleen jacht , dus was het daar kouder in 500 jaar na Christus. Ben net terug uit Alaska en daar is de laatste 100 jaar de temperatuur gestaag zo’n 3-5 graden gestegen , o.a. t.g.v. veranderingen in zeestromen en zeker niet t.g.v. CO2 !!! Het zou de NOS sieren als ze ook de andere kanten belicht en niet de bedenkers van het Eur. 100 miljard dijkenophogingsplan klakkeloos steunt met eenzijdige calamiteiten verhalen.
    Ton Begemann

    ReplyDelete